This article will introduce some tips for turning your home into a great place to boost bilingual language skills. Everyone's living situation is different, so choose the methods that work for you and give your child a head start on global communication!

Tip #1: Just speak!

Just as we all learned our first language, the most important part of creating a bilingual environment is exposure. Books and learning materials are great when the time is right, but very young children aren't able to fully use them yet.

However, even if they're too small to use these materials, they can listen and observe. Kids are great at noticing everything happening around them, so it's important for parents to speak English with them often. It doesn't need to be all the time, but try to reserve at least an hour each day to use English exclusively or as much as possible.

When doing household tasks like cleaning or cooking, talk about what you are doing in simple words. For example: "I'm cutting the vegetables" or "I'm folding the shirts." Also, point out objects around the house while saying their names in English and get them to repeat after you, if they are able.

Tip #2: Use your space

When children get a little older, the previous ideas can be expanded. For example, you can choose special times of the day when only English is spoken — now with everyone speaking instead of just the parent(s). Doing this will bring English into real-life situations instead of just lessons in a textbook.

This idea can be taken further by making certain areas of the home "English-only" zones. Again, each home is different, but if you have enough space to make it work, turn one room into an area where only English is allowed! This can present a fun challenge for your child (and maybe even for you!).

Try to make sure they stick to the rules, so if you speak in English, they should also respond in English. However, don't be too strict; be encouraging and supportive, but it's OK if your child doesn't get it right all of the time. Remember: the goal is to make English communication natural, not to turn it into a stressful task they won't enjoy. If they work at it continually, they will get better at it — and so will you!

Tip #3: Introduce English materials

As we mentioned earlier, English-language materials are great ways to enhance and support a bilingual environment if they are used properly.

Read English stories to your child and give them books they can explore on their own. Also, be sure to give them music, movies and online videos in English that are appropriate for their age. Again, this changes English from something to study into a regular kind of entertainment and play.

When it comes to videos, there are plenty on YouTube featuring songs children can watch to help them learn English. Here are just a few examples:

It's important to choose videos that are appropriate for your child's age and stage of development. 

There are also a variety of language-learning apps you can download on your mobile device. Some are free with in-app purchases, while others must be purchased from the start. Some examples include:

• Studycat
• Monkey Junior - English for Kids
• Endless Alphabet

Don't forget, however, that even though these apps are educational, it's important to pay attention to your child's screen time.

Tip #4: Include others

While English materials can be helpful, remember that interacting in English will have the biggest positive impact on your child's development. 

The tips we've shared so far are mostly limited to the home and the small number of people inside it. But it's also important to give your child the chance to speak with others in English as often as possible. This teaches them that English is not just a tool to use with Mom or Dad; it can be used to communicate with anyone. 

Look for ways to increase their interaction and engagement with other English speakers. This can include visits from other family members, but you can also organize play dates with other children who are learning English.

Tip #5: The OPOL method

For homes with two parents who can speak different languages, the OPOL method can be very effective.

With this method, which is short for "One Person, One Language," each parent speaks only one language with the child — for example, Dad speaks French while Mom speaks English. This helps create a clear separation in the child's mind between the two languages and results in less confusion and language mixing.

This strategy may need to be adjusted as time goes on and the child's needs change. And, of course, it requires dedication from the parents — each parent should stick to a single language instead of mixing words and phrases from both, which may be how some couples normally communicate. However, if it can be done well, the results will be worth it!

Wrap-up

Each of the techniques we've introduced can be effective alone, but they are best used together. As each home environment is different, parents should look for the combination of strategies that works best for their situation. 

Remember that creating a bilingual environment is a process that takes time, so even if you don't start off perfectly, you can make changes as you continue. The good news is that every little bit of English exposure will help your child to become bilingual, so don't wait to get started!

The post How to Create a Bilingual Environment at Home for Young Learners appeared first on Engoo Blog.

Well, "restroom" is what's called a "euphemism," which is a softer word used instead of one that may be too direct or unpleasant. Since baths are private, people often prefer to use "rest" to make conversations more comfortable.

Euphemisms are very common, even if you don't realize it. This article will introduce 19 terms you can use when the alternative isn't quite what you want to say.

Cheap >> Inexpensive

"Cheap" often has a negative nuance. In addition to a low price, it can also suggest that something is of low quality. A more positive alternative is "inexpensive."

• This hotel is inexpensive, but it offers good value with an excellent location.

Stingy >> Frugal

Did you know that "cheap" can also describe people? People who are cheap, or "stingy," do not like spending money. Instead, they try to keep as much of it as they can.

However, the adjective "frugal" is a positive way to describe someone who uses their money carefully and thoughtfully.

• Cooking his own meals at home is one way Ken keeps his lifestyle frugal.

The adverb form is "frugally."

• Carol decorated her apartment very frugally, but it still looks great.

Old (people) >> Elderly / Senior Citizen

When talking about people, "old" is generally considered to be rude. To refer to older people, you can say "elderly" or "senior citizen(s)." 

• This is a care home for the elderly.

• I saw him speaking with an elderly woman with a cane.

• My uncle is pretty active for a senior citizen.

Old (things) >> Vintage / Classic

What if you're talking about old objects instead of people? Try using "vintage" or "classic."

• The flea market has a lot of vintage items that are difficult to find anywhere else.

• Lots of classic cars were parked in the large garage.

In some cases, people use these alternatives sarcastically, so be sure to listen to the speaker's tone carefully.

• His closet was full of lots of … vintage clothes.

Used >> Pre-owned / Pre-loved

"Vintage" can be used to describe used items too. However, you can also say "pre-owned" and even "pre-loved," which is more casual. 

• I have a pre-owned car for sale, if you're interested.

• Visit our store to browse lots of pre-loved items looking for a new home!

Weird >> Eccentric / Unique

"Weird" is a very direct way to say "unusual." It doesn't always have a negative nuance, but it doesn't sound especially positive, either.

If you'd like to describe something that is not typical in a positive way, use "eccentric" or even "unique." "Eccentric" is best for people and the things related to them, such as fashion or tastes. "Unique" can be used more generally.

• My neighbor is pretty eccentric. His style and taste in music are very different from anyone else I know.

A

What did you think of the art at the exhibition?

B

It was pretty unique. I've never seen anything like it before.

For even more words you can use to talk about something unusual, have a look at our article 'How Many Different Ways Can You Say "Weird"?'

Rich >> Comfortable / Well-off

"Rich" is not exactly a negative word; having a lot of money is generally a very positive thing! However, calling someone else or even yourself "rich" is very bold since people like to be more vague when discussing money.

Instead, try using the words "comfortable" or "well-off." "Comfortable" isn't exactly the same as "rich," but it does suggest that someone has no worries related to money.

A

Does your job pay you a high salary?

B

Well, let's just say that I'm comfortable.

• He never talks about how much he makes, but it's obvious from his house and clothes that he's well-off. 

Poor >> Low-income / Underprivileged

The opposite of "rich" is "poor," which is definitely not a positive term. It is often switched for "low-income" or "underprivileged."

• The increase of the minimum wage was great news for low-income workers around the country.

• Despite coming from an underprivileged family, he was able to become a big success.

Die >> Pass away

For most people, death is a very uncomfortable topic. Also, the word "die" is quite direct and harsh. It is common to instead use "pass away."

• My grandmother passed away when I was very young.

Small >> Cozy

When talking about spaces, some people think "small" sounds negative — after all, wouldn't you rather have a large room instead of a small one?

Using "cozy," however, makes a small space sound more comfortable and pleasant.

• Jenny's decoration skills turned a tiny room into a very cozy space to relax.

• The local cafe is a cozy place where people in the neighborhood like to gather and talk.

Damage >> Imperfections

When shopping, especially for used items, you will come across many products that have scratches, dents and other kinds of damage. Rather than use these negative words, however, you may see tags mentioning "imperfections."

• Because of the item's imperfections, we can offer you a nice discount.

Plain >> Simple / Understated

Even though "plain" is actually a neutral word, its nuance can include "boring" or "unexciting."

If something is not fancy or detailed, you can instead use "simple" or "understated" to give it a more positive feeling.

• The hotel rooms were simple and clean.

• Ashley has a very understated sense of style. She likes simple, comfortable clothes.

Wrap-up

One of the benefits of having a large vocabulary is that it gives you choices to express yourself; if there is something you'd like to say in a slightly different way, you have several options available to use!

If you found this list helpful, be sure to also read our article on body types, which introduces many polite ways to refer to people of different sizes and shapes: 16 Words for Describing Different Body Types.

And finally, be careful of words that sound negative but actually have a positive meaning!

The post "Old" or "Vintage"? Saying Negative Things in a Positive Way appeared first on Engoo Blog.

Although you can see people dressed like princesses and superheroes around October 31, the original images of Halloween are much spookier. Think of things like ghosts, skeletons, witches and spiders.

But the Halloween season isn't the only time we talk about these topics; many of these scary ideas are part of the English people use every day.

This time, let's take a look at common English idioms related to the dark topics often connected with Halloween.

Skeletons in one's closet

This refers to something from someone's past that they want to keep secret.

• The politician could lose the election if the public found out about the skeletons in his closet.

Come back to haunt you

"Haunt" is a verb we use to refer to ghosts who regularly appear in a certain place. However, just like spirits that will not go away, it can also refer to something that returns and causes problems for someone.

This idiom can be used for things like memories and emotions, or for people or events from the past.

• The decision to use cheap materials instead of stronger ones might come back to haunt them in the future.

Nail in the coffin

"Coffins" are long boxes that dead bodies are placed inside of before being put into the ground. A "nail in the coffin" is an event or action that causes something to fail or end.

• Many people think the debate with Donald Trump was the nail in the coffin that ended Joe Biden's second run for presidency.

Dig one's own grave

A "grave" is a place in the ground where you can find the coffins we mentioned above.

The expression "digging one's own grave" means doing something that will cause problems in the future. It's another way of saying that someone is harming themself.

• Cheating is helping him to succeed now, but he's really just digging his own grave.

(Work) the graveyard shift

A "graveyard" is a field where the bodies of dead people are buried. The "graveyard shift" is another name for the overnight shift, when workers start working very late at night and end in the morning.

• I'm drinking all of this coffee now because I work the graveyard shift tonight.

Related article: Go Juice: English Slang for Coffee and Caffeine

Ghost town

Have you ever been to a place with very little activity and almost no people? These empty, quiet areas often give us a creepy, unpleasant feeling. We call these places "ghost towns."

• When online shopping became common, many shopping malls became ghost towns.

Make one's blood boil

If your blood is boiling, it means you are extremely angry!

• It really made my blood boil to find out that he wasn't punished for his crimes.

Look like you've seen a ghost

This idiom is often said to someone who is so shocked or surprised that they have trouble speaking.

• What's the matter? You look like you've seen a ghost!

Scared stiff

Something that is "stiff" is hard and unable to bend easily. So if you are "scared stiff," you are so scared that you cannot move!

• We were all scared stiff when we heard the strange noises coming from upstairs.

Like a bat out of hell

Bats are the small flying animals that are often associated with vampires. If something is moving "like a bat out of hell," it is moving very quickly.

• The cat ran out of the house like a bat out of hell when it saw the big dog.

Related article: What's the Difference Between "Fast" and "Quick"?

Roll over in one's grave

This strange idiom refers to the idea that something would cause a dead person to be very angry or upset.

• The original designers of this house would roll over in their graves if they knew how much its current owners have changed it.

Wrap-up

English has many unique and interesting idioms, but it may be challenging to try and memorize them all at once. However, if you focus on a specific theme, you'll be surprised at how much you can learn!

Remember: The expressions we've covered this time can be used any time of the year. So don't wait for Halloween to give them a try in your conversations!

The post Halloween Expressions You Can Use All Year Round [Updated] appeared first on Engoo Blog.

We've written several articles explaining the differences between words and expressions like these. Now we've collected all of them in one convenient list.

If you have questions about a particular group of words — or if you want to review something you already learned — please select the articles best for you and study at your own pace.

What's the difference between ...

"Everyday" and "Every Day"

> Read the article

"Fast" and "Quick"

> Read the article

"Look," "See" and "Watch"

> Read the article

"For Sale" and "On Sale"

> Read the article

"Used To," "Be Used To" and "Get Used To"

> Read the article

"Besides" and "Except"

> Read the article

"Do" and "Make"

> Read the article

"Both," "Either" and "Neither"

> Read the article

"Have to" and "Need to"

> Read the article

"How Far" and "How Long"

> Read the article

"Say" and "Tell"

> Read the article

"Could You" and "Would You"

> Read the article

Wrap-up

We hope these articles help you to get a clear understanding of how these important English words and phrases are used every day.

Although these blog posts provide plenty of example sentences to study, trying them out in a real chat is the best way to practice. Have a conversation with our AI chatbot or book a lesson with an Engoo tutor and practice using them yourself!

The post What's the Difference Between These English Words? appeared first on Engoo Blog.

This time, we'll highlight some of the most common and useful English you need to talk about remote work. All professionals should know these terms, whether or not you work from home yourself, so let's get to it!

WFH

This is an abbreviation for "working from home." Each full word should be pronounced rather than simply saying the letters.

• Office supply stores now have areas dedicated to WFH goods for remote workers.

Hybrid

Generally, this is a noun or adjective referring to a mixture of two or more things. In business, "hybrid companies" and "hybrid teams" are made up of a combination of employees who work in an office and those who work remotely.

• I'm on a hybrid team, so I rarely meet some of my colleagues face to face since they live in other areas.

This same idea is sometimes expressed with "blended."

• I was attracted to this company because it allows for blended teams.

Coworking space

Coworking spaces are offices that rent space to freelancers and professionals who work outside of their company's office. Some people do not enjoy working from home, so coworking spaces offer a convenient alternative.

• I met some designers at a coworking space who might be able to help me with a project I'm putting together.

Digital nomad

Nomads are people who regularly move from place to place instead of staying in one area and making a home there. 

"Digital nomads" are people who take advantage of their ability to work remotely by traveling while they work. 

• Once I became a digital nomad, I started traveling much more. I'm not on vacation, though — I still need to get my work done!

Asynchronous and synchronous communication

When two or more things are "synchronized," they are operating together, within the same time or in the same manner. Standard offices work in this way.

In "asynchronous" communication, on the other hand, colleagues work together even when there is a major difference in time or location. For example, instead of having meetings that everyone attends, information can be shared through email, recordings and messages on a company network. 

This term is often shortened to "async."

• Async communication is common in my company, so my colleagues don't always expect an immediate reply when they send me a message.

The opposite of this is "synchronous communication." In this type, everyone involved must be doing an activity at the same time as everyone else.

• Synchronous communication includes things such as in-person meetings, telephone calls and real-time video conferences.

Compressed workweek

"Compressing" something is squeezing it into a smaller space or time. Workers with a "compressed workweek" work longer hours over a shorter amount of days.

This working style is not specifically related to remote work, but it is also a business trend that is becoming more common.

• I have a compressed workweek, so I work 10-hour days but only four days a week. It's sometimes tough, but it means Thursday feels like Friday!

Distributed workforce

The verb "distribute" means "to spread out." Therefore, unlike traditional companies, a "distributed workforce" is one in which a company's staff is based in many areas instead of just one.

• Our distributed workforce consists of employees in several different countries in Asia and the Americas.

Single Source of Truth (SSOT)

When employees are spread out in different places and working at different times, it is especially important that everyone has the same information and understands the company's main goals.

What helps an organization do this is having a Single Source of Truth — a system or collection of core information that workers can reference when needed.

• If you're not clear about something, be sure to check the SSOT. That will help reduce mistakes and misunderstandings.

Brick-and-mortar

"Brick-and-mortar" is an adjective that refers to the materials needed to construct a building. This term is generally used in the retail industry as a way to talk about real, physical stores, not stores based online.

• Although most of our business comes from our website, we still operate several brick-and-mortar stores in key markets.

Retreat

"Retreats" are social events in which a company's employees gather in order to spend time together and form stronger bonds.

Although actual work is usually only a small part of retreats, the ultimate goal is for workers to feel more comfortable with each other so that they can create stronger teams.

• Because my company is fully remote, I only see most of my colleagues during annual retreats. 

BYOD

This stands for "Bring Your Own Device," and it is a policy in which workers are allowed to use their personal electronic devices  — such as computers and phones — for company business.

• The Information Security team is starting to feel nervous about our company's BYOD policy.

Gig economy

This refers to businesses such as ride-sharing and food delivery services. People who work in these industries are called "gig workers" and they work the days and hours they choose rather than traditional 40-hour weeks.

• Being a gig worker gives you a lot of flexibility but not much job security.

Non-verbal cues

"Non-verbal cues" is basically another term for body language. These cues include things like facial expressions, gestures and tone of voice.

As video conferences become more common, how we send signals to others without speaking is also increasingly important. However, these signals can often be hard to understand clearly.

• Even if you don't talk during a video call, you are still communicating with non-verbal cues.

Wrap-up

Even if your company does not allow remote work, it is now a standard part of the business world. Therefore, you should definitely become familiar with the vocabulary and expressions related to it.

And since you're already learning about business, why not take a look at these other posts that can help you as an English-speaking professional?

3 Easy Steps for Calling in Sick in English

5 Racing Terms Used in Business English

3 Tips for Negotiating Your Salary in English

The post Essential English Vocabulary for Remote Work appeared first on Engoo Blog.

This time, we'll cover some different words and expressions you can use instead of "study." You'll surely have an opportunity to use each of them in your daily conversations.

What's the difference between "study" and "learn"?

If you are looking for alternatives for "study," "learn" may be one of the first words you think of. You are probably already familiar with it, but what makes it different than "study"? Let's see what the Oxford Learner's Dictionary has to say:

study [verb]

To spend time learning about a subject by reading, going to school, etc.

Oxford Learner's Dictionary

learn [verb]

To gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience, from being taught, etc.

Oxford Learner's Dictionary

According to these definitions, "study" is more about the process of gaining knowledge, while "learn" refers to actually getting it — not the steps you take to get it. So don't forget: Just because you study something doesn't automatically mean that you learn it. For example:

• I studied a lot of Russian, but I never learned it.

Something else to remember is that the past tense of "learn" comes in two versions: "learned" and "learnt." The first is common in American English, while the second is mostly used in British English.

• I learned how to play this song on piano last week.

Other words for "study"

Prep

This is a casual, shortened form of the verb "prepare" or the noun "preparation."

• I'm prepping hard for the final exam.

It's also good to know the term "prep school." Prep schools are private schools that prepare students to enter a college or university.

• Is it possible to get into that university without going to a prep school first?

Read up on ~

Unlike the other terms on this list, which are more general, this expression refers to reading in order to gain knowledge about something specific.

• She spent the weekend reading up on famous historical people for her school project.

Brush up on ~

The verb "brush" is used to talk about cleaning or straightening something with, well, a brush (the noun version)! However, the phrasal verb "brush up on," means to improve or raise your skill level.

• Let's brush up on our Spanish before our trip to Mexico.

Learn the ropes

"Learning the ropes" is another way to say "learning how to do a task." It originally refers to sailors, who must learn to control the ropes that operate a ship's sails.

• The first week of training is all about learning the ropes and getting familiar with the process.

You can also "show someone the ropes," which means teaching them how to do something.

• John has been here a little longer than you, so he can show you the ropes.

Cram

The verb "cram" means to forcefully push something into a space. When you must study for a test or assignment that is coming soon, it is like you are trying to push a lot of information into your brain in a short amount of time. This expression is often used with "~ for a test/exam."

• She spent all night cramming for the exam the next morning.

Hit the books

This is a casual expression that means to begin studying seriously.

• I decided to stay home and hit the books instead of going out with my friends.

Self-taught

This is an adjective that refers to learning something by yourself, without help from an instructor.

• He is a self-taught artist.

Know something inside and out

We use this expression to say that someone knows everything about a particular subject.

• If you need help or recommendations, ask Billy; he knows this city inside and out!

There is another expression that is similar: "know something backwards and forwards." This, however, is mostly used to talk about things like movies or books that have been memorized; we don't use it to refer to learning new information.

• I watch this movie every summer, so I know it backwards and forwards.

Wrap-up

"Study" was probably one of the first English words you learned as a student. It's very useful, but there are many more ways of expressing the same idea. The more alternatives you know, the richer and more interesting your English conversations will become. So, study hard and learn them all!

The post 9 Alternative Expressions for "Study" appeared first on Engoo Blog.

Money is definitely one example of this. So let's take a look at some of the slang for money that is used every day in English conversations.

Before we begin, remember that many of the terms introduced below are quite informal and may not be appropriate in professional situations. If you are unsure about when it is OK to use them, book a lesson with an Engoo tutor and ask for clarification.

Cash

There are many ways to spend money, including checks, bank transfers and many kinds of digital payments. The simplest way to pay, however, is with cash: coins and bills.

• Will you be paying by cash or credit card?

Buck(s)

This is a very common alternative for dollars that is often used in everyday conversations. This may be a reference to the skin of deer (also called "bucks"), which used to be used for currency.

• Can I borrow five bucks from you?

Green / Greenbacks

Paper money in the US is colored green, which is the origin of these two slang terms.

• I need to earn some green fast.

• Sorry, I don't accept credit cards — only greenbacks!

Lettuce / Cabbage

These two green, leafy vegetables are also references to the color of dollar bills.

• She earned a lot of lettuce after negotiating a contract with her new client.

• Don spent a lot of cabbage on a brand new sports car.

Moolah

The origin of this casual term for money is unknown. Even so, it is still used very commonly.

• I negotiated a raise, so I'll be earning a bit more moolah than I did before.

Cheddar / Cheese

The previous two words aren't the only food-based nicknames for money. There are actually many more!

It is believed that cheese refers to money because the government provides real cheese to citizens with low incomes and to people who have been affected by natural disasters. 

Over time, money received from government programs also came to be known as "cheese." These days, however, the term's connection to the government has weakened; now it's simply a slang term for money.

• How much cheddar did you spend on that date last night?

• I don't think you've got enough cheese to eat at that fancy restaurant.

Related article: Adjectives That Can Describe Both Taste and Personality

Capital

This term for money is mostly used in the business world.

• My business partners and I are raising more capital to keep our start-up running smoothly.

Dead presidents

This term comes from the presidents pictured on American money, specifically George Washington ($1 bill), Abraham Lincoln ($5 bill), Andrew Jackson ($20 bill) and Ulysses S. Grant ($50 bill).

• Jane doesn't use a bank. Instead, she keeps all of her dead presidents in a safe in her home.

Alexander Hamilton ($10 bill) and Benjamin Franklin ($100 bill) were not presidents, but they still appear on money because of the important roles they played in the early years of the country. In fact, "Benjamins" is a slang term for $100 bills.

• He opened his wallet and took out a stack of Benjamins.

Bread / Dough

In traditional and rural societies, people grow their own food or get it from the animals they raise. In industrial societies, however, we need money to buy it. Perhaps that is why money and food are so closely related in the language.

• I got a second job to earn some more bread.

Dough is the mixture of flour and water used to make bread, but as slang terms, the two words are used in the same way.

• How much dough do you have on you right now?

Bank

This slang term is quite simple to understand since banks are where most people keep their money. It's often pronounced with extra emphasis.

• My friend Jenna is making bank at her new job.

Note that "bank" is used in this way only when speaking about a large amount of money. Therefore, it would sound strange to use it in reference to a low salary, for example.

Ducat (or Ducket)

This word (pronounced like "DUH-ket") actually comes from the gold coins that were used for currency in some European countries.

• If you're not careful, you'll lose a lot of ducats at the casinos in Las Vegas.

Grand

This term specifically refers to one thousand dollars.

• We spent about three grand on our last vacation, but it was worth it.

More casually, people sometimes shorten "grand" to simply "G."

• My friend won 25 Gs in the lottery. He's so lucky!

Note that these words only refer to one thousand dollars; they are not used to count people, objects or anything else.

Cake

Here's one more food-related term. Notice that dough is necessary to make cakes just like it is needed to make bread.

• His Instagram posts are all pictures of him showing off how much cake he has.

Quid

This term is not used in America; instead, it is common in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. It's another word for "pound" and is used like Americans use "buck(s)."

• This T-shirt only cost me five quid.

Wrap-up

Money is essential in our modern lives, so it's good to be prepared to speak about it with both standard and non-standard words. Again, be sure that the terms from this article are appropriate for your situation and the people you are speaking with. 

The post Greenbacks and Cheddar Cheese: English Slang for Money appeared first on Engoo Blog.

As Election Day gets closer, you will see and hear about the different candidates and their progress on TV and across the internet. Sometimes it's difficult to avoid this news!

To help you understand things better, this article will introduce some important words and expressions related to elections and the political process in America. Let’s begin!

Common election vocabulary

Run

Of course, “run” means using your legs and feet to move quickly. However, in politics, someone “runs” for a political office they want to win. 

• Barack Obama first ran for president in 2008.

It can also be used as a noun.

• Everyone expects that she will announce her run for presidency at tonight’s event.

Blue/Red

America’s two major political groups are the Democratic Party, which is represented by the color blue, and the Republican Party, which is represented by red.

During the election season, it is common to see maps of the United States divided into blue and red, showing the areas each party controls.

• California and New York are known to be blue states, while many states in the south, such as Alabama and Tennessee, are commonly red.

Swing state

As mentioned above, many states almost always support a particular party. But there are a few places that are difficult to predict. These are called “swing states” (or sometimes "battleground states") because it is possible for them to swing, or move, from one party to another in any election. 

Winning swing states is very important for helping a party's leader become the president. Although they change over time, swing states in recent years have been places like Ohio and Arizona.

• Candidates spend a lot of time and money to promote themselves in swing states.

Platform

"Platform" has several meanings that depend on the context. In politics, it refers to the ideas, beliefs and goals of each candidate or party. Politicians promote their platforms to gain support from the public and from other politicians.

• He's running on a platform of renewable energy, gender equality and improved relations with foreign countries.

Progressive/Liberal

Both of these words are adjectives for describing ideas that support social change, innovation and new ideas.

• In modern times, the Democratic Party is the more progressive of the major political parties.

You can also use either of these terms to refer to a person with these political beliefs.

• Most of the people living in this area are liberals.

Conservative

The opposite of progressive is “conservative.” The root word “conserve” means "to save" or “to prevent too much of something.”

People with conservative beliefs often have more traditional values and do not want things to change too much.

• Many people in the southern part of America have conservative political views.

Just like “progressive,” you can use this term to refer to people.

• Some news networks are very popular with conservatives.

Left/Right

These two adjectives are similar in meaning to the words we just covered. A person, state, etc. “on the left” has liberal/progressive beliefs, while anything “on the right” has more conservative ideas.

• It is common for people on the right to support freedom for gun owners. People on the left, however, want more rules to limit the usage of guns.

GOP

“GOP” stands for “Grand Old Party,” which is another name for the Republican Party.

• The leaders of the GOP will meet with members of the press this afternoon.

Seat

In the US, there are two major groups that control the government along with the president: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each position within these groups is called a "seat." The House consists of 435 seats, while the Senate consists of 100.

• A party must control 222 seats in the House to have a majority, and therefore, more power to influence the country's laws.

Ballot

A "ballot" is a special form that people use to record their votes in an election.

• All of the ballots must be counted before we can announce the winner of the race.

Tabulate

According to the Oxford Learner's Dictionary, to “tabulate” something means "to arrange facts or figures in columns or lists so that they can be read easily." During election season, it is commonly used as another way to say "count."

• The state has many volunteers working to tabulate the votes quickly.

Term

A "term" is the amount of time a person can hold one political position. For example, a presidential term in the US is four years, with a maximum of two terms.

• Donald Trump was president of the United States for only one term.

Incumbent

"Incumbent" refers to a person who holds an official position. For example, in 2024, Joe Biden is the incumbent president.

• The incumbent will run against several younger challengers with new ideas for leadership.

Other useful terms and expressions

Tight race

You can call a race "tight" when at least two of the candidates have about the same level of support, making it difficult to guess who the winner will be.

• The race is too tight for anyone to declare a winner.

Flip

When discussing politics, a state “flips” if it changes from one color (political party) to another.

• The popular politician earned enough support to flip the state, which surprised everyone.

Runoff

When an election ends without one person or side being the clear winner, a smaller, additional election must take place. These extra elections are called "runoffs."

• A runoff was announced since neither candidate got a majority of the votes.

Lame duck 

"Lame" is an adjective for describing people or animals who have difficulty walking because of an injury or damage to their legs or feet. It's also used as slang to say that something is not fashionable or cool.

• That movie was so lame. I want my money back!

In politics, a "lame duck" is a politician who does not have enough support or influence to control things or make major decisions. It is often used to refer to a president at the end of their presidency, when many people's attention is focused on the next person to hold the position.

• He lost a lot of support for his policies once he became a lame duck.

It can also be used as an adjective.

• The president has entered his lame-duck period.

Honeymoon period

​​You may already know that a honeymoon is a vacation for newly married couples. But did you know that it's also used in politics?

The "honeymoon period" is the time just after an election, when most politicians still have a large amount of support from the public and from their colleagues.

• It's important to start your term in a strong way by taking advantage of the honeymoon period.

A final note

Because of America’s strong position in the world, even people from other countries watch the latest US election news closely. While it is important to stay informed, it is also important to make sure you have facts before forming your opinions.

Many people have very strong feelings about politics, and unfortunately, it is easy to find misinformation, or information that is not true — especially on social media. It’s a good idea to always double-check that the information you see is correct!

Wrap-up

If you pay attention to the upcoming US presidential election — or to others around the world — you will definitely see or hear some of the terms we've introduced here. We hope this article helps you to understand more of all of the information you find!

The post English for Politics and the Election Season appeared first on Engoo Blog.

To help you discuss these events in English, this article will introduce common vocabulary and expressions related to natural disasters. We'll also introduce some extra terms that you are likely to see or hear in the news about these events.

Names for natural disasters

Hurricane/Typhoon

Both of these terms are types of storms categorized as "tropical cyclones." They are storms that begin over large areas of water and bring lots of rain and very strong winds. 

If a storm begins in the North Atlantic Ocean or the Northeast Pacific Ocean, it is called a "hurricane." "Typhoons," on the other hand, are storms beginning in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. If the starting point is the South Pacific or Indian Oceans, they are called "cyclones." 

• Residents of the town were told to leave to escape the approaching hurricane.

• It is common for this country to experience cyclones this time of year.

Related Daily News lesson: How Typhoons and Hurricanes Are Named

Tornado

Tornadoes — sometimes called "twisters" — are also storms with strong winds. However, while tropical storms occur near large bodies of water, tornados can appear in areas with no water nearby. They are known for their unique shape, which is wide at the top and narrow near the ground.

• Strong tornado winds can cause lots of damage by lifting and throwing heavy objects during a storm.

• Local residents were on high alert because of the tornado warning.

Related Daily News lesson: Storm Chasers: People Who Chase Tornadoes

Earthquake

Earthquakes are events in which large pieces of land deep underground move, causing the ground above to shake violently. Earthquakes are most common in areas that are above "fault lines," which are big cracks under the ground.

The strength of earthquakes is measured with a system called the Richter scale.

• An earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale struck early in the morning.

The word "magnitude" is also used when talking about an earthquake's size or power.

• The earthquake had a magnitude of 4.5.

Earthquakes are sometimes called "tremors." 

• This area experiences tremors frequently, though they are usually not very strong.

The starting point of an earthquake is called the "epicenter."

• The epicenter was about four miles from the city's downtown area.

Shaking that occurs after a major earthquake is called an "aftershock."

• After the big earthquake, the area experienced aftershocks for several days.

Related Daily News lesson: Taiwan Rocked by Strongest Earthquake in 25 Years

Wildfire

Of course, fires can either be small or large. However, very large fires that spread quickly and cover a wide area are called "wildfires." Wildfires usually occur in natural areas with lots of trees, such as forests.

• The wildfire caused millions of dollars in damage.

Big fires are also sometimes called "blazes."

• The blaze destroyed much of the surrounding area.

The expression "spread like wildfire" refers to news or other information that quickly reaches many people, such as viral photos or even rumors.

• The celebrity's private photos spread like wildfire across the internet.

Related Daily News lesson: Australia's Fires Could Burn for Months

Flood

Floods occur when large amounts of water cover land that is normally dry.

• The news announced a flood warning for the entire region. 

"Flood" can also be used as a verb.

• The storm flooded our basement.

Aside from natural disasters, "flood" can describe a large amount of people moving into a specific space.

• The day of the big sale, the store was flooded with shoppers looking for deals. 

Related Daily News lesson: Bangkok Restaurant Makes Most of Flooding

Drought

While floods are the result of too much water, a "drought" is the opposite.

When there is not much rain for a long period of time, the land becomes dry. This dryness affects how much food can be grown and makes wildfires more likely to occur.

Note that the pronunciation rhymes with "out."

• Because of the drought, the prices of many vegetables have gone up. 

Related Daily News lesson: California Orders Large Cuts in Water Use

Heat wave

Heat waves happen when very high temperatures continue for long periods of time. Although heat waves don't cause the destruction other natural disasters can, they are just as dangerous to people. Unfortunately, they are becoming more common as the earth continues to get hotter.

• Authorities have advised people to stay indoors during the heat wave.

Related Daily News lesson: Earth Shattered Global Heat Record in 2023

Blizzard

"Blizzard" is another name for a large snow storm.

• The airport was full of passengers whose flights had been canceled because of the blizzard.

Related Daily News lesson: Major Snowstorm Bears Down on Eastern US

Related terms and expressions

Catastrophe

This is a general term for an event that causes a large amount of destruction. The adjective form is "catastrophic."

• Many people shared pictures of the catastrophe on social media.

• The damage caused by the tornado was catastrophic.

Intensify

"Intensify" is a verb meaning "to make stronger," and it can be heard on the news when discussing storms that grow larger or more dangerous.

• Forecasts are warning that the storm may intensify by tomorrow night.

The eye of the storm

For tropical cyclones and tornadoes, the very center of the storm is called the "eye." Weather forecasters sometimes refer to this to explain a storm's movement.

• The eye of the storm was moving slowly over the small town.

In conversations not related to storms, this expression refers to the most difficult or intense part of a situation.

• With pressure from competitors and the public, the company found itself in the eye of the storm.

Aftermath

"Aftermath" is a noun that refers to the period of time after an unpleasant event, such as war or a disaster. 

• Residents worked together to rebuild the town in the aftermath of the storm.

Toll

When talking about disasters or accidents, "toll" refers to the number of deaths or injuries that have occurred as a result.

• The death toll is expected to rise as rescue workers continue searching through the damaged area.

Responder

When disasters occur, trained professionals go into the affected area to try and rescue survivors and help people in need. These professionals are called "responders," or sometimes, "first responders."

• The local government sent in a team of responders to search for survivors.

Casualty

A "casualty" is a person who has been killed as a result of things like war or disasters.

• We are happy to report that the earthquake caused no casualties.

Evacuation

To "evacuate" is to leave an area in order to avoid danger. "Evacuation" is the noun version, but both words are important to know when dealing with disasters or learning about them through the news. 

• The government's social media channels had important information regarding evacuation for people in the region.

• Residents were ordered to evacuate the area as soon as possible.

People who have escaped dangerous areas are called "evacuees."

• The sports arena became a temporary shelter for many evacuees.

Clean-up

"Clean up" is a phrasal verb that means "to make something clean and organized." However, the  noun form (either "clean-up" or "cleanup") refers to the act and process of cleaning after a disaster.

• The clean-up will take several years and millions of dollars.

Wrap-up

As climate change continues to affect our planet, scientists warn that we may see more extreme weather events in the future. When learning about these events, you will most likely see terms covered here.

If you're interested in any of the Daily News lessons we've linked to in this article, consider studying them with an Engoo tutor — it's a fun way to improve your English vocabulary and speaking skills. Give it a try!

The post Vocabulary and Expressions Related to Natural Disasters [Updated] appeared first on Engoo Blog.

Many American schoolchildren learn this simple rhyme to help them remember Christopher Columbus and what he is famous for doing.

For many years, people in America and several other countries have celebrated a day that honors Columbus in early October. But there is another holiday that takes place at the same time, and it was created as a response to Columbus Day. 

Because language is connected to culture, let's take a look at both of these holidays, learn some history behind them and vocabulary related to them.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed to the Americas in the 15th century with support from the king and queen of Spain.

However, America was not where he planned to go. The purpose of his trip was to find a quick way by boat from Western Europe to islands near China and India. He hoped to buy and trade for spices and other goods only available in that part of the world.

Columbus never reached his destination. Instead, his ships made it to the Caribbean (including the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba today). However, Columbus did not realize that he wasn't in Asia; he called the people he saw "Indians" even though he was far from India. This is why Native Americans are sometimes called "American Indians" even today.

To Columbus and other Europeans, these areas they sailed to were the "New World." Columbus' trips began a period called the Age of Discovery, in which explorers from European countries colonized and controlled many parts of the world.

How is Columbus Day celebrated?

In the US, the second Monday of October is Columbus Day. It is a federal holiday, which means that some businesses, schools and government offices are closed. Officially, it is a day to celebrate Columbus' arrival in the Americas and his discovery of the New World. 

So what do people do on Columbus Day? 

Not every holiday has a big celebration with food or decorations like Christmas, Halloween or Thanksgiving. Although there are groups who hold special ceremonies, holidays such as Columbus Day, Presidents' Day and Labor Day are often simply days in which people relax and take a break from work or school.

Related article: "Take it Easy!" 10 English Expressions for Relaxing

What is Indigenous Peoples' Day?

"Indigenous" is an adjective that describes the first people to live in a place. Therefore, Indigenous Peoples' Day is a day for celebrating and honoring the native, or original, people of America.

The arrival of Columbus and other explorers in America had a very negative effect on the people already living there. Many were killed or were forced to work as slaves for the Europeans. In addition, the new people arriving brought diseases from their countries that killed many of the native people. 

Because of this history, many people have fought against the idea of celebrating Columbus with a holiday. Additionally, they say that he could not have "discovered" a new world if there were people already living there.

So on the second Monday of October — the same day as Columbus Day — they instead celebrate the original Americans as a way to honor their culture and to fight against the whitewashing of history.

How is Indigenous Peoples' Day celebrated?

Similar to Columbus Day, there are no standard ways to celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day. However, many people use the day to reflect on, or think about, the nation's history and to educate themselves on Native American culture.

Words and expressions for historical holidays

Reflect (on ~)

"Reflecting" is thinking deeply about something that happened in the past.

• After the game, the coach advised the team to reflect on what they did well and what they can improve.

Related article: Using Your Head: 15 Different Ways to Say "Think"

Discrimination

When a person or group experiences discrimination, they are treated unfairly by others because of their race, gender, religious beliefs, etc.

• Every year, thousands of people leave their home countries in order to escape violence or discrimination.

Whitewash

When something has been whitewashed, it has been changed in order to hide facts that are unpleasant or embarrassing. It can also refer to making the achievements of white people seem more important than the achievements of people of other races.

• Supporters of Indigenous Peoples' Day say that Columbus Day whitewashes the violence he committed against Native Americans.

Colonization

As mentioned earlier in the article, colonization is the process of one country taking over and controlling another.

• In recent years, many European countries have removed statues and monuments that celebrate their colonization of other nations.

Recognize

We can use "recognize" casually to say that we see and understand who or what a person or thing is.

• I couldn't recognize Beth after she changed her hairstyle.

However, it has another meaning: "to acknowledge the existence, quality or legality of something." This meaning is often used in politics and law.

• In 2021, President Joe Biden became the first US president to officially recognize Indigenous Peoples' Day.

Adopt

We can use "adopt" to talk about becoming the parent or guardian of a child or a pet.

• We adopted our dog Charlie from the local animal shelter.

However, it can also mean "to choose to accept, use or follow something." This meaning is often applied to laws and rules as well as special days.

• Memorial Day, a day for remembering US soldiers who died serving their country, was first adopted in 1868.

Wrap-up

It can be very interesting to look into the history of the holidays people celebrate each year. You will often be surprised by the information you find, and learning more can give you a new understanding of the culture that celebrates it.

If you found this article interesting, you should also take a look at our article on Juneteenth, America's newest federal holiday!

The post October's Competing US Holidays [Updated] appeared first on Engoo Blog.